U. S. Sathyam, A. Shearin, E. A. Chasteney, S. A. Prahl, Lasers Surg. Med., S6, 5 (1994 abstract only).
Each bubble was a single event and quite reproducible. Bubbles collapsed 400 μs to 700 μs after the laser pulse. The collapse time was much shorter than the growth time. When the fiber face was 1 mm from the target material removal began at about 50 μs after the bubble had completely collapsed. Bubble wall velocities of the order of 40 m/s were recorded at collapse. Maximum bubble sizes and lifetimes were observed at an absorption coefficient of 300/cm. At a fiber-target distance of 2 mm, larger bubbles with longer lifetimes were produced. Bubbles created using a fluid core catheter were smaller than those produced with a solid core fiber.